Echocardiographic Parameters for Risk Prediction in Borderline Right Ventricle: Review with Special Emphasis on Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum and Critical Pulmonary Stenosis

The aim of the present review is to highlight strengths and limitations echocardiographic parameters scores employed predict favorable outcome in complex congenital heart diseases (CHDs) with borderline right ventricle (RV), a focus on pulmonary atresia intact ventricular septum critical stenosis (PAIVS/CPS). A systematic search National Library Medicine using Medical Subject Headings free-text terms including echocardiography, CHD, scores, was performed. refined by adding keywords “PAIVS/CPS”, Ebstein’s anomaly, unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect left dominance. total 22 studies were selected for final analysis; 12 them focused biventricular repair (BVR)/pulmonary blood flow augmentation PAIVS/CPS. All these presented numerical (the limited sample size) methodological (retrospective design, poor definition inclusion/exclusion criteria, variability outcomes, differences adopted surgical interventional strategies). There heterogeneity cut-off values proposed, difficultly establishing which one should be recommended. Easy such as TV/MV (tricuspid/mitral valve) RV/LV (right/left ventricle) ratios proven have good prognostic accuracy; however, data very (only two <40 subjects). In larger studies, RV end-diastolic area higher degree tricuspid regurgitation also accurate predictors successful BVR. These measures, may either operator and/or load/pressure dependent. TV Z-scores been proposed several authors, but old heterogenous nomograms sources employed, thus producing discordant results. summary, we provide currently available risk prediction CHDs diminutive that serve guide use clinical practice.